Andrew Jackson - President Andrew Jackson and State's Rights lyrics

Do Now: 1. Was Andrew Jackson a democratic president? Explain why or why not. (2 sentences) ____ 2. The era of Andrew Jackson's presidency is best known for an expansion in (a) freedom of speech (b) religious toleration (c) states' rights (d) voting rights ____ 3. What is the spoils system? (a) the practice of giving representatives in Congress money for pa**ing laws (b) the practice of getting rid of ineffective government departments (c) the practice of giving government jobs to friends and political supporters (d) the practice of getting rid of politicians who have served more than six terms. WALK IN YOUR SHOES You live on a small farm in South Carolina in 1829. Your family grows corn and cotton to sell, as well as vegetables for your own table. Although you grow your own good, you also depend on imported wool, flax, iron, and hemp to make ropes. But the government had just put new taxes on these products from Europe. Now, if you buy them, you won't make any profit on the ropes. You would, in fact, lose money! 4. How do you feel about the new taxes on imports? (2 sentences) Consider reasons to SUPPORT the new taxes: – helping American manufacturers compete with foreign companies – more $ for government and helping North's economy Consider reasons to OPPOSE the new taxes: – making rope is now too costly – will cause you economic hardship – will hurt the South's economy BUILDING BACKGROUD: Regions of the United States, Early 1800s North -Economy based on manufacturing -Supportfor tariffs- American goods could be sold at lower prices than British goods South -Economy based on agriculture -Opposition to tariffs, which increased the cost of imported goods West -Emerging economy Support for internal improvements and the sale of public lands. Three Regions Emerge There were three main U.S. regions in the early 1800s. The North, first of all, had an economy based on trade and manufacturing. Northerners supported tariffs – taxes on imported and exported goods – because tariffs helped them compete with British factories. Northerners also opposed the federal government's sale of public land at cheap prices. Cheap land encouraged potential laborers to move from northern factory towns to the West. The South was the second region. Its economy was based on farming, or agriculture. Southern farmers raised all types of crops, but the most popular were the cotton and tobacco, major cash crops. Southerners sold a large portion of their crops to foreign nations. 1. Infer: What caused these regional (sectional) differences in America? (1-2 sentence) 2. Contrast: Fill out the chart with below to an*lyze the differences between the North, the South, and the West. Southerners imported their manufactured goods. Tariffs made imported goods more expensive for southern farmers. In addition, high tariffs angered some of the South's European trading partners. These trading partners would likely raise their own tariffs in retaliation. To avoid this situation, southerners called for low tariffs. In the third region, the West, the frontier economy was just emerging. Settlers favored government policies that boosted their farming economy and encourage further settlement. Western farmers grew a wide variety of crops. Their biggest priority was cheap land and internal improvements such as better road and water transportation. Southerners – and the Southern economy – also relied on enslaved African Americans to work the plantations. The issue of slavery would become increasingly controversial between the North and South. 3.Contrast: Why did northerners and southerners disagree over tariffs on imported goods? Explain. (1-2 sentences) 4.Infer: Why did the North and the South disagree about the issue of slavery? (1-2 sentences) Tariff of Abominations Tariffs became one of the first issues that President Jackson faced. In 1827, the year before Jackson's election, northern manufacturers began to demand a tariff on imported wool goods. These northerners wanted American citizens to buy their American-made wool goods instead of British-made wool goods, which were much cheaper. A tax on these British imports would make American citizens less likely to buy British-made goods and more likely to buy goods made in America. Northerners supported an extremely high tariff, which would discourage Americans from importing wool goods. Southerners opposed the tariff, saying it would hurt their economy and risk their very livelihood. Before Andrew Jackson took office, Congress placed a high tariff on imports. Angry southerners called it the Tariff of Abominations. Southern voters were outraged. President John Quincy Adams signed the new tariff law, though he did not fully support it. In early U.S. history, presidents used veto power only for laws that they believed violated the Constitution. Signing the tariff bill meant Adams would surely be defeated in his re-election bid. The new tariff added fuel to the growing sectionalism that was destroying the young nation. When Andrew Jackson took office in 1829, he responded to the conflict over tariffs. At the core of the dispute (conflict) was the question of a state's right to disregard a law that had been pa**ed by the U.S. Congress. 5. Explain: Why did southerners call this “high tariff on imports” the “Tariff of Abominations”? (1-2 sentences) 6. Infer: What does it mean that the “new tariff added fuel to the growing sectionalism that was destroying the young nation”? (1-2 sentences) 7. Predict: What would happen if a state had the “right to disregard a law that had been pa**ed by the U.S. Congress”? Explain. (2 sentences) Nullification Crisis Early in his political career, Vice President John C. Calhoun wanted a strong central government. But in 1828, when Congress pa**ed the Tariff of Abominations, Calhoun joined his fellow southerners in protest. Economic depression and previous tariffs had severely damaged the economy of his home state, South Carolina. Some leaders in South Carolina talked about leaving the Union because of the new tariffs. Arguing against the new tariff, Calhoun said that Congress should not favor one state or region over another. Calhoun developed the states' rights doctrine, which said that since the states had formed the national government, state power should be greater than federal power. He believed states had the right to nullify, or reject, any federal law they judged to be unconstitutional. Calhoun's theory was controversial, and many northerners (who benefited from the new tariffs) challenged it. These opponents believed that the American people, not the individual states, made up the Union. Conflict between the supporters and the opponents of nullification deepened. The dispute became known as the nullification crisis. Calhoun became angry and resigned as vice president. He was then elected to the Senate, where he continued his arguments in favor of nullification. Martin Van Buren replaced Calhoun as vice president when Andrew Jackson was re-elected president. 8. Infer: Why did John C. Calhoun change his mind about high tariffs? Explain. (1-2 sentences) 9. Infer: Calhoun argued, “state power should be greater than federal power” (7). Why did he argue this? (1-2 sentences) 10. Explain: What was the nullification crisis? (1 sentence) The Hayne-Webster Debate The debate about states' rights began early in our nation's history. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison thought states could disagree with the federal government. John C. Calhoun's took this idea further and said that states could judge whether a law was constitutional or unconstitutional. In 1830, the issue of nullification was intensely debated on the floor of the Senate. Robert Y. Hayne, a senator from South Carolina, defended states' rights. He argued that nullification gave states a way to legally fight against federal legislation. Daniel Webster of Ma**achusetts argued that the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states. He believed that the well-being of the nation was more important than that of individual states. 9.Explain: Based on the paragraph above, what did Daniel Webster believe? (1-2 sentences) Andrew Jackson Responds Jackson was against nullification, but he was also concerned about economic problems in the southern states. In 1832 he asked Congress to pa** a different tariff with a lower tax rate. South Carolina disagreed with this change, and decided to nullify the new tariff (meaning, South Carolina did not follow the law). South Carolina's first action was to pa** the Nullification Act, which declared the 1828 and 1832 tariffs “null, void and not binding upon this State, its officers or citizens.” South Carolina threatened to leave the Union if federal troops were used to collet duties. The legislature also voted to form its own army. Jackson was enraged. 10.Identify: What was the Nullification Act? (1 sentence) Jackson declared that he would enforce the law in South Carolina. At his request, Congress pa**ed the Force Bill, which allowed Jackson to use the army to enforce the tariff. As a result, no other states supported South Carolina. Early in 1833, Henry Clay of Kentucky had proposed a compromise that would gradually lower the tariff over several years. As Jackson's intentions became clear, both the U.S. Congress and South Carolina quickly approved of the compromise. Congress would decrease the tariff, and South Carolina's leaders would enforce the law. Despite the compromise, neither side changed its beliefs about states' rights. The argument continued for years, ending in the huge conflict known as the Civil War. 11. an*lyze: Complete the chart below by defining each term in the table. Explain. (1-2 sentences) EXIT TICKET: 1) In the Webster-Hayne debate, Daniel Webster [Hint] a. attacked the doctrine of states' rights b. described the abuses of slavery c. urged Jackson to veto the Maysville Road Bill d. introduced the possibility of distributing federal treasury surpluses to the states 2) The Nullification Crisis of 1832 involved a dispute over [Hint] a. distribution of federal surpluses b. the internal slave trade c. protective tariffs d. public land policy 3) The Tariff of Abominations was... a. taxes on abominable Snowmen who came from the North to the South. b. a system of taxes that protected industry in Northern States c. a system of taxes that protected agriculture in Southern States. d. a system of taxes on exports to European trade allies.