Baldwin Spencer - Native Tribes Of The Northern Territory Of Australia - Ch. 2 lyrics

CHAPTER II SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND MARRIAGE REGULATIONS Tribes without cla** organisation.--Bathurst and Melville Island natives.--Local groups.--Port Essington tribe.--Kakadu tribe.--Allotment of wives; a woman of the status of a man's mother allotted to him as wife, with consequent change of terms of relationship.--Widows pa**ing to younger brothers of deceased husband.--Tribes with cla** organisation.--Tribes with indirect male descent: Warrai, Waduman, Mudburra, Maluuru, Djauan, Yungman, Mungarai.--Tribes with direct male descent: Mara, Nullakun.--Tables of relationship terms.--Larakia, Worgait, Port Essington, Melville Island, Djauan, Mungarai, Nullakun, Kakadu, Waduman.--Status terms: Kakadu, Melville Island, Waduman, Mudburra, Port Essington, Larakia, Worgait, Djauan, Nullakun, Mungarai. THERE are very wide differences between various tribes in regard to Organisation, and it is interesting to notice that, what are presumably the most modified tribes, are met with on the far northern coastal districts and on Melville and Bathurst Islands. At the other extremity of Australia, in its extreme south-eastern corner, we meet with equally modified tribes, or did so until some years ago. In both parts--the north and the south--the most striking feature is that there is no trace left of cla**es, or at most a very doubtful one, and that the organisation is essentially a local one, with, in the north, an attendant, well-marked totemic system. {p. 43} The tribes we are now dealing with may be divided into two main groups: (A) those without cla** organisation, and (B) those with cla** organisation. (A) TRIBES WITHOUT CLASS ORGANISATION. (1) Bathurst and Melville Islands. These two islands are inhabited by a tribe of wild and, physically, remarkably well-developed natives, who are easily distinguishable from all others by the way in which they ornament their bodies with a series of V-shaped cicatrices, which they call Miunga, and are supposed to represent the barbs on their heavy spears. So far as my experience goes, the marks on these Islanders are the only ones which serve to identify the particular tribe to which any special individual belongs. From the region of Lake Eyre in the south, across the continent to Darwin and away east to the Gulf of Carpentaria, though all natives are more or less marked with cicatrices, there is nothing in them which is in any way distinctive of totem, cla** or particular tribe. The nearest approach to anything of this kind are the cuts made on the backs of adult men in the Urabunna, Dieri, Wonkgongaru and other tribes, who have pa**ed through the Wilyaru, or its equivalent, final initiation ceremony. These marks, however, are characteristic of the whole of the Dieri nation and not of any cla** or special tribe. The Melville and Bathurst Islanders can, however, always be distinguished, and the fact that they can serves to emphasise still more strongly the absence of any such possibility in the case of all the mainland tribes in Central and Northern Australia. Despite repeated inquiries, I have not been able to find out any true tribal name for the islanders. There are definite and well-known names applied to local groups, {p. 44} but, though doubtless it exists, I tried in vain to find out a name equivalent to that of Larakia or Kakadu. My informants, also, knew of the existence of these and other tribal names on the mainland. It is astonishing how difficult it often is to get reliable information in regard to a subject such as this, where there is, apparently, no question of the matter being of a sacred or secret nature. As a matter of fact, in all tribes the tribal name is not Map Showing Distribution of Local Groups on Melville Island and Bathurst Island MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF LOCAL GROUPS ON MELVILLE AND BATHURST ISLANDS. The numbers correspond to those in the list of localities and local groups given in the text. often used and, very often, there is one name applied by the members to themselves and quite a different one by outsiders. The Larakia natives at Darwin speak of Bathurst and Melville as Wongok; the natives on the latter call both the mainland and the natives there Jeruula. The natives at Cape Donn, near Essington, call Melville Island, which they can see across the water, Wamuk, {p. 45} The natives, on both Bathurst and Melville Islands, are divided into a series of local groups, each of which is supposed to occupy and own a special well-defined district. These districts are indicated on the accompanying map. Though their language, customs and beliefs are identical, there is only a certain amount of intercourse between the natives of the two islands, who are, at least, mutually distrustful of one another. Every now and then the men from a camp on one side of Apsley Strait will raid a camp on the other. The list of local groups on Melville Island is, I think, complete; that on Bathurst probably is not. The numbers in the following list correspond to those on the map. In each case the name in brackets is the name of the local group inhabiting that locality. It will be noticed that the name of the group is made by adding the suffix ulla to that of the locality- (a) Melville Island Groups. (1) Mundiimbu (Mundiinibulla). (2) Ulobu (Ulobulla). (3) Arangijera (Arangijerulla). (4) Yeimbi (Yeimbulla). (5) Cherupu (Cherupulla). (6) Kambuambu (Kambuambulla). (7) Barranpunalli (Barranpunalliulla). (8) Munupu (Munupulla). (9) Purumunapu (Purumunapulla). (10) Mindalu (Mindaluulla). (11) Balauiungamba (Balauiungambulla). (12) Marungallambu (Marungallambulla). (b) Bathurst Island Groups. (13) Malauu (Malauulla). (14) Urongu (Urongulla). (15) Tchikalaua (Tchikalauulla). The separation of the local groups from one another is very clearly marked indeed if they come together for the performance of special ceremonies, such as those connected {p. 46} with mourning. When I was last on Bathurst Island, watching these ceremonies, there were representatives of two local groups present called respectively Malauulla and Tjikalauulla. They camped some distance away from one another, and though they foregathered during the actual dancing, yet, immediately this was over, they separated. I was unable to ascertain anything definite in regard to the marriage system beyond the fact, as described in connection with the account of totemic systems, that it is closely a**ociated with and regulated by the totemic groups, In some cases it is certainly concerned with the local group, a man of one group taking as a wife a woman of another, who then comes into his own group to which his children also belong, but, whether this is always the case, I cannot say positively, though I believe it to be so. (2) Iwaidji or Port Essington Tribe. This tribe is evidently much modified. There are apparently three divisions, called respectively Munbulkitj, Manjerojelli and Manjerawuli, amongst whom the totemic groups are divided, very unequally, the first having four, the second two and the third seven. Munbulkitj and Manjerojelli marry Manjerawuli people and vice versâ, but members of the two former may not intermarry. Whether the three divisions are the vestiges of formerly existing cla**es it is impossible to say, and my informants were quite clear that there are no more than these three. The Port Essington tribe is allied to the Kakadu amongst whom there are very strongly developed local groups, and it is quite possible that these three groups are based on locality. The totem groups are strictly exogamous, and descent of both local group (or division) and of totemic group is in the female line. {p. 47} (3) Kakadu Tribe. This is the representative of a number of tribes inhabiting the northern coastal area, all of whom differ in important respects from the more typical tribes with whom they are in contact on their inland borders. Their distribution is shown on the map (page 44). The tribe is not divided into moieties nor are there any cla**es. If such were ever present, they have disappeared completely, leaving not a trace behind them to indicate their former existence. The organisation is now entirely local. In the far past time their mythic ancestor, Imberombera, sent out different pairs of individuals to various parts of the country, now occupied by the Kakadu and other tribes of the same nation. In these places they formed local centres, peopled, at first, with spirit individuals who have since been undergoing reincarnation. Tradition explains how, in the early days, the members of different local groups intermarried, and, at the present time, just as then, each individual man secures his wife, or wives. from some special local group. The totem group has nothing to do with marriage. An elder man frequently has several wives, of varying age, and there is one method of allotment of wives which is, so far as I am aware, peculiar to this nation of tribes. I have not met with it in any of the Central tribes nor does it seem to have been noted elsewhere in Australia. This method consists in the allotment to a man of a woman who belongs to the generation immediately senior to himself, and who stands to him in the relationship of Koiyu, that is, father's wife, or Ngaila, mother's brother's wife. The Koiyu women, of course, include his own actual mother, but that particular woman may not be allotted to him. {p. 48} The table on page 49 represents two actual cases of this, which, though strange, appears to be a well-recognised practice in these tribes. Nabanja and Tjilongogo were brothers and Ungaraerria was a tribal brother, one of whose wives was a young woman named Kumbainba, who had a son named Mukalakki. Tjilongogo had a son named Monmuna. The latter had seven wives, but, as shown in the table which includes all his family, he had remarkably few children.[1] Amongst his wives he had two, called respectively Allarima (1) and Kumbainba (3), who had once belonged to two men who were his papa-fathers or fathers' brothers. Kumbainba had been married to a man named Ungara-erria and, by him, had a son named Mukalakki. She was still young when she was handed on to Monmuna. Monmuna, by his wife, Mumungara, had a son named Nulwoiyu, who is still a mere boy. Nabanja had a son named Kulingepu-kunamullajumbo, who, amongst others, married a woman named Wareiya, by whom he had a son named Ungara-mulyarami and a daughter named Koetto. Ungara has two wives called, respectively, Mumulandi and Mitjingari. Koetto is married to Kulanyo-jarraman, by whom she has three sons, Kadjimuk, Burnimakori and Wudeirti. When Kumbainba (3) was allotted as wife to Monmuna, Mukalakki became Ngoornberri, or son, to the latter; Nullaberri, or younger brother. to Ungara-mulyarami, because the latter was a son of a Baranga or elder [1. The relatively small number of children is not infrequently to be noticed amongst these tribes. While I was at Oenpelli a man of Geimbio tribe, closely allied to the Kakadu, came into camp with family including six wives, but only four children. The age of the wives must have varied from fifteen to fifty.] {p. 49} Genealogical Chart {p. 50} brother of Monmuna; and Baranga or elder brother to Nulwoiyu. When Monmuna died, the jaidja (mother's brothers) of the women concerned, told Numerialmak (5) to go to Mukalakki as his wife, which she did, and Kumbainba (3) to go to Ungara as his wife, which she did. Both of these men have other wives, given to them by the fathers of the women, but the jaidja of any woman can allot her to one of the sons of her husband, provided she be not that son's actual mother. These arrangements are made before the d**h of any man, such as, in this case, Monmuna, and they affect the terms of relationship used. Thus Mukalakki calls Allarima, Gudjukatju, Kumbainba, Mimonau, Niniokolura and Mumungara, koiyu, or mother, but Numerialmak he calls ngunkomukali, or wife, and he actually applied this term to her while the old Monmuna was alive, though she was not then in his possession and he had no marital relations with her. Mukalakki calls Numerialmak's brother muraguji, or wife's brother. If she had had any children by Monmuna he would have called them nullaberi, younger brother, or illaberri, younger sister while Monmuna was alive, and ngoornberri, sons, or ngungornberri, daughters, after his d**h. So again, he calls the father of each of the first above-named six women, peipi, or mother's father, but the father of Numerialmak he calls keerli, or wife's father. Further still, Ungara was baranga, or elder brother, of Mukalakki, but, when Numerialmak, the actual mother of Mukalakki, was allotted to Ungara as wife, Mukalakki called him papa, or father. These two men, Ungara and Mukalakki, were constantly with Mr. Cahill and myself, at Oenpelli, so that we had every opportunity of hearing them speak to one another. {p. 51} Numerialmak calls Mukalakki ngunkomukali, or husband, just as she did Monmuna, and applies the same term to Nulwoiyu because, if Mukalakki had died before Monmuna did, she would have been allotted to Nulwoiyu. She calls Allarima and Kumbainba, who had been allotted to Monmuna and belong to a generation senior to her own, ngailor, or father's sisters. She calls Gudjakatji and Mimonau makorngo, that is elder sisters; Niniokolura and Mumungara she calls illaberri, or younger sisters. Ungara calls all the women, except Kumbainba, koiyu, or mother, but he calls her ngunkomukali, or wife, because she was allotted to him, and she also calls him ngunkomukali, or husband. Ungara also calls the fathers of all the women, save Kumbainba, peipi, or mother's father, the father of Kumbainba he calls keerli, or wife's father. Kunamullajumbo also had, as one of his wives, a woman who had been the wife of his father Nabaiya, and Ungara called that woman koiyu. There was also living in camp a man named Mitjeriunga who has a wife named Workerlaki who has been allotted to the son of the former named Mitjeralak. The latter calls the woman ngunkomukali, and she applies this term to both of them. Ungara has a son to whom, in the future, a wife belonging to Nulwoiyu will be allotted, and that son calls Ungara papa. This handing on of a woman to a man who is at the level of her son, is always done by the woman's mother's .brothers. For example, as Numerialmak herself told us, It was her father who gave her to Monmuna, but her jaidja who told her to go to Mukalakki. She was very much younger than Monmuna, and does not appear to be any older than Mukalakki. When a man dies, beyond the special allotment to men {p. 52} on the level of sons, the widows normally pa** to younger brothers of the dead man, not to older ones. Thus, recently, the man named in the table Kulanyo-yarraman died. He had an elder brother, called Mappleburra, and a younger one, Kopereik. When Kulanyo-yarraman died Kopereik was away and Mappleburra took the lubra Koetto, but when Kopereik returned, the first thing that he did was to go and take the woman away from Mapplebura. Again, Mukalakki has a wife called Mitchunga, who, it is already arranged, will go to Nulwoiyu on Mukalakki's d**h. As an example of the allotment of a mother's brother's wife we may take the case of Ungara-mulyurami. His brothers are dead and he has no sons, so it has been arranged that, on his d**h, Mitchingari, one of his wives, is to pa** to Kadjimuk, or, should he die, to Wudeirti, both of whom are sons of Ungara's sister named Koetto, Each of these men calls Mumulandi ngailor, that is, father's sister, but Mitchingari they call ngunkomukali. It will easily be understood that this curious system of allotment and, consequently, of change of terms of relationship, produces extraordinary complications, but the natives appear to find no difficulty in working the system, and when in camp they will tell you readily the relationship of all the different members present to one another. To the same group of tribes belong, apparently, the Koarnbut, Quiradara, Norweilemil, Punuurlu, Kumertuo, Geimbio, Malanji, and, possibly, the Larakia. These, together with the Iwaidji, Kakadu, and the Melville an Bathurst Islanders, form a group of tribes sharply marked off, not only by the absence of cla** organisation, but by the fact that their initiation ceremonies at' distinguished by the absence of both circumcision and subincision. {p. 53} (B). TRIBES WITH CLASS ORGANISATION. (a) Tribes with indirect male descent. (1). Warrai tribe. This is a tribe usually called Wolwonga by whites. It is now entirely decadent, its remnant occupying the country between a place called Rum Jungle and Brock's Creek on the short railway line that runs south from Darwin. The tribe is divided into four cla**es, and there are no names for the moieties. The organisation is as follows, the names of women's groups, corresponding to those of the men, being placed in brackets:-- Moiety 1. Moiety 2. Children. Children. Adjumbitj (Alljambitj) Appungerti (Allpungerti) Appularan (Allpularan) Auinmitj (Allimitj) Appularan (Allpularan) Auinmitj (Allinmitj) Adjumbitj (Alljambitj) Appungerti (Allpungerti) An Adjumbitj man marries an Allpungerti woman, and the children are Appularan (males) and Allpularan (females). An Appularan man marries an Allinmitj woman, and the children are Adjumbitj (males) and Alljambitj (females). An Appungerti man marries an Alljamjbitj {sic} woman, and the children are Auinmitj (males) and Allimitj (females). An Auinmitj man marries an Allpularan woman, and the children are Appungerti (males) and Allpungerti (females). Except that there are distinct names for women, which {p. 54} are slight variants on those for the men, the organisation is closely similar to that of the southern Arunta, where there are only four cla** names. It must, however, be remembered that, though there are only four such names, yet, in all tribes in which this is so, each of them is divided into two groups so that, for example, one group of Adjumbitj men intermarry with only one group of Allpungerti women, the other group of the latter women are forbidden to these men. In most tribes distinct names are given to the two groups, so that there are eight in all. It is somewhat remarkable to find two tribes, each with the four, named, intermarrying groups, one at each end of the long stretch of country, a thousand miles in all, that lies between the southernmost Arunta and the Warrai in the north. In all these tribes the organisation is fundamentally identical, but it is only at the extreme northern and southern limits that we find only four cla** names, elsewhere there are always eight. The northern boundary of the Warrai tribe is coterminous with the southern of the coastal tribes--in this particular part the Larakia, though the latter has long been practically decimated, its degraded remnants hanging about the settlements. It is also a curious circumstance that the Arunta people have a very definite tradition of a great leader who, in the far past time, led a body of uncircumcised men away out of the Arunta country and travelled on with them until they came to the salt water in the far north. On the shores of the latter they camped and are supposed to have remained there ever since. (2). Waduman tribe. The names of the moieties have been lost. There are distinct sub-cla** names for males and females and {p. 55} intermarrying sub-cla**es such as Uanai and Urella are spoken of as being Tjimuri or mates. The names of the female sub-cla**es are in brackets. Moiety 1. Moiety 2. Children. Children. Uanai (Imbanai) Urella (Imburella) Yunguri (Inbunguri) Inmirra (Inganmira) Imit (Imbidenni) Yungalla (Ingungalla) Ualeri (Impalieri) Tjabijin (Ibajin) Ualeri (Impalieri) Inmirra (Inganmirra) Imit (Imbidenni) Urella (Imburella) Yunguri (Inbunguri) Tjabijin (Tjabijai) Uanai (Imbanai) Yungalla (Ingungalla (3). Mudburra tribe. The names of the moieties have been lost. There are distinct sub-cla** names for males and females, those of the latter being printed in brackets. Moiety 1. Moiety 2. Children. Children. Tjanama (Nana) Tjula (Nanula) Tjunguri (Nunguri) Tjimara (Nimara) Tjimija (Namija) Tjungalla (Nungalla) Tjaliri (Naliri) Tjambijina (Nambijina) Tjaliri (Naliri) Tjimara (Nimara) Tjimija (Namija) Tjula (Nanula) Tjunguri (Nunguri) Tjambijina (Nambijina) Tjanama (Nana) Tjungalla (Nungalla) {p. 56} (4) Maluuru tribe. The names of the moieties have been lost. There are distinct sub-cla** names for males and females, those of the latter being printed in brackets. Moiety 1. Moiety 2. Children. Children. Tjanama (Nama) Tjula (Nala) Tjunguri (Nunguri) Tjamera (Nimara) Tjimit (Namit) Tjingalla (Nungalla) Tjaliari (Naliri) Tjabijin (Nabijin) Tjaliari (Naliri) Tjamera (Nimara) Tjimit (Namit) Tjula (Nala) Tjunguri (Nunguri) Tjabijin (Nabijin) Tjanama (Nama) Tjingulla (Nungalla) (5). Djauan tribe. The names of the sub-cla**es are as follows and, in brackets, I have given those of the corresponding ones in the Warramunga tribe. The names of the moieties are lost. Moiety 1. Moiety 2. Gnaritjban (Thapanunga) Waidba (Tjupila) Pulainba (Tjunguri) Kungilla (Thungalla) Palieringba (Tjapeltjeri) Kamara (Nakomara) Pungaringba (Thapungarti) Wamut (Tjambin) {p. 57} The intermarrying sub-cla**es and those of the children represented in the following table. In this tribe the and women have not, apparently, got distinct sub-cla** names. Moiety 1 Moiety 2. Children. Children. Guaritjban {sic} Waidba Pungaringba Kamara Pulainba Kungilla Palieringba Wamut Palieringba Kamara Pulainba Waidba Pungaringba Wamut Gnaritjban Kungilla In the Djauan tribe pairs of sub-cla**es such as Gnaritjban and Pungaringba or Waidba and Kumara certain of the individual members of which stand to one another in the relationship of fathers and children, are called Kumuranban. (6). Yungman tribe. The names of the sub-cla**es are as follows and, in brackets, I have given those of the corresponding ones in the Djauan tribe. The names of the moieties are lost. Moiety 1. Moiety 2. Uanai (Gnaritjban) Urella (Waidba) Imit (Pulainba) Yungalla (Kungilla) Ualeri (Palieringba) Inmirra (Kamara) Uunguri (Pangaringba) Tjabidjin (Wamut) {p. 58} The intermarrying sub-cla**es and those of the children are as represented in the following table. In this tribe the men and women have distinct sub-cla** names, those of the latter being placed in brackets. Moiety 1. Moiety 2. Children. Children. Uanai (Imbanai) Urella (Imburella) Uunguri (Inbunguri) Inmirra (Ingangmirra) Imit (Imidenni) Yungalla (Ingungalla) Ualeri (Imbaleri) Tjabidjin (Tjabidai) Ualeri (Imbaleri) Inmirra (Inganmirra) Imit (Imidenni) Urella (Imburella) Uunguri (Inbunguri) Tjabidjin (Tjabidai) Uanai (Imbanai) Yungalla (Ingungalla) A Uanai man marries an Imburella woman and their children are Uunguri if, boys and Inbunguri if girls. A Urella man marries an Imbanai woman and their children are Inmirra if boys, and Ingangmirra if girls. (7) Mungarai Tribe. The names of the moieties are retained. Those of the sub-cla**es are as follows and, in brackets, I have given the corresponding ones of the Djauan tribe. Moiety 1.--Nakarangua. Moiety 2.--Ngaballana. Ngaritjbellan (Gnaritjban) Ngarburella (Waidba) Ngabullan (Pulainba) Ngangiella (Kungilla) Ngapalieri (Palieringba) Nakomara (Kamara) Ngapungari (Pungarongba) Tjabijin (Wamut) {p. 59} The inter-marrying sub-cla**es and those of the children are as represented in the following table: Moiety 1.--Makarangua. Moiety 2.--Ngaballana. Children. Children. Ngaritjbellan Ngaburella Ngapungari Nakomara Ngabullan Ngangiella Ngapalieri Tjabijin Ngapalieri Nakomara Ngabullan Ngaburella Ngapungari Tjabijin Ngaritjbellan Ngangiella A Ngaritjbellan man marries a Ngaburella woman and their children are Ngapungari, A Ngaburella man marries a Ngaritjbellan woman and their children are Nakomara. There is nothing special about these tribes to distinguish them, so far as their cla**ificatory systems are concerned, from the great group, extending from Oodnadatta in the south to Brocks Creek, within 100 miles of the northern coast line. Eastwards they extend across to the borderland of Queensland and the coastal ranges fringing the Gulf of Carpentaria. Westwards they stretch down the Daly, Katherine, Flora, and Victoria Rivers to the coast and, probably, extend into the northern parts of West Australia. Mrs. Bates and Mr. A. R. Brown have shown that tribes with the four-cla** system., similar in essential respects to the southern Arunta and the Warrai, extend over wide areas in Western Australia. In all these tribes, descent of the cla** is counted in the paternal line. We have previously dealt in detail with the Arunta and Warramunga Tribes,[1] and what we have described in [1. Cf. Native Tribes of Central Australia, Chap. III., and Northern Tribes of Central Australia, Chap. III., p. 104-132.] {p. 60} connection with them holds good, precisely, for the others. (b) Tribes with direct male descent. (1) Mara Tribe. This is an example of a group of tribes the organisation of which was first dealt with by Mr. Gillen and myself.[1] We came in contact with some members of it at Borroloola on the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1901. During 1911, whilst travelling down the Roper River, I again encountered the tribe, and with the aid of a very intelligent native, a Mumbali man named Waluunja, was able, after considerable inquiry, to determine the correspondence of the sub-cla**es of this tribe, in which descent, so far as the actual cla** name is concerned, is counted in the direct male line, with those in the adjoining Mungarai tribe, in which descent is counted in the indirect male line. I was also able to ascertain the names of the moieties. These are, as shown in the following table, four cla** and no sub-cla** names. TABLE 1. Moiety 1.--Muluri. Moiety 2.-Umbana. Murungun Purdal Mumbali Kuial Further inquiry, however, shows that, though there are no distinct names for them, each cla** is really divided into two groups-the equivalents of the sub-cla**es in the Arunta and Warramunga. They are, in fact, precisely similar to the unnamed groups into which each cla** is [1. Spencer and Gillen, The Northern Tribes of Central Australia.] {p. 61} divided in the southern half of the Arunta and in the Warrai tribe. These can be represented, using the letters a and b {in the original text, a and b are the Greek letters alpha and beta--jbh} to indicate the two divisions of each cla**. as follows TABLE 2. Moiety 1.--Muluri. Moiety 2.--Umbana. Murungun a Purdal a Murungun b Purdal b Mumbali a Kuial a Mumbali b Kuial b When, however, we come to deal with the marriage relationships and the counting of descent it will be seen that these are very different from those met with in adjoining tribes, amongst whom the arrangements are similar to those amongst the Warramunga. The intermarrying groups, which are really the equivalents of subcla**es, together with those into which the children pa**, can be represented as follows: TABLE 3. Moiety 1--Muluri. Moiety 2.--Umbana. Children. Children. Murungun a Purdal a Murungun b Purdal b Murungun b Kuial b Murungun a Kuial a Mumbali a Kuial a Mumbali b Kuial b Mumbali b Purdal b Mumbali a Purdal a {p. 62} A Murungun a man must marry a Purdal a woman and their children are Murungun b. So again a Murungun b man must marry a Kuial b woman and their children are Murungun a. The children of a Murungun man are thus always Murungun. Some Murungun men marry Purdal and others Kuial women, the marriage alternating in successive generations. Thus a Murungun a man marries a Purdal a woman, but his son, who is Murungun b, marries a Kuial b woman. The sons in the next generation are Murungun a and marry, once more, Purdal a women. The fact of some Murungun and Mumbali men marrying Purdal and others Kuial women, and vice versâ, was so different from anything in the marriage arrangements in any other Australian tribes known to us that we, spent much time in investigating the matter and making ourselves as sure as we could on the point. I am glad to be able now to corroborate our previous conclusions by means of evidence collected in quite another part of the tribe from that in which Mr. Gillen and myself previously worked. The native, Waluunja, who explained the matter to me on the Roper River, was one of the most intelligent aboriginals whom I have met; he had also a very fair I knowledge of English. The contrast between him and other old men from whom I was, at the same time, attempting to get information on the organisation of the tribes was most striking and made me feel more than ever convinced that matters such as the division of the tribe into intermarrying groups could very well be the result of the deliberate thinking out of a scheme on the part of certain members of the tribe more highly gifted than the common run. The scheme by means of which the divisions, Murungun a, b, etc., are made to fit {p. 63} in with the sub-cla**es of the Mungarai and other tribes with which the Mara come into contact, is at all events both a deliberate and ingenious device, and reveals very considerable powers of reasoning and organising. It can be represented in the following table in which the names of the equivalent sub-cla**es in the Mungarai Tribe are placed in brackets:-- TABLE 4. Moiety 1.--Muluri. Moiety 2.--Umbana. Children. Children. Murungun a (Ngaritjbellan) Purdal a (Ngaburella) Murungun b (Ngapungari) Purdal b (Nakomara) Murungun b (Ngapungari) Kuial b (Tjabijin) Murungun a (Ngritjbellan) Kuial a (Ngangiella) Mumbali a (Ngabullan) Kuial a (Ngangiella) Mumbali b (Ngapalieri) Kuial a (Tjalbijin) Mumbali b (Ngapalieri) Purdal b (Nakomara) Mumbali a (Ngabullan) Purdal a (Ngaburella) This means that the cla** Murungun, for example, is divided into two groups, which are regarded, respectively, as the equivalents of the sub-cla**es Ngaritjbellan and Ngapungari in the Mungarai Tribe. We have already seen that the children of Murungun a men pa** into the division Murungun b, which is just the same thing as in the Mungarai, where the children of Ngaritjbellan men are Ngapungari, and vice versâ. So, again, Murungun a men marry Purdal a and Murungun b men marry Kuial b women. Now, under the scheme devised, Purdal a women are the equivalents of Ngaburella and Kuial b of Tjabijin women in the Mungarai Tribe. Murungun a men are the same as Ngaritjbellan and they must marry {p. 64} Ngaburella women, while Murungun b, who are the equivalents of Ngapungari, must marry Tjabijin. (2) Nullakun Tribe. In essential features this tribe agrees with the Mara, It has retained the moiety names and has also four cla** but no sub-cla** names. In the following table the equivalent names in the Mara tribe are given in brackets:-- TABLE 1. Moiety 1.--Ballakninni. Moiety 2.---Kokwa. Jobal (Murungun) Ulakaraninni (Purdal) Mangaralli (Mumbali) Gindar (Kuial) As in the Mara tribe, each cla** is really divided into two, though there are no names for these, which are the strict equivalents of sub-cla**es. Using the letters a and b to indicate these, the intermarrying groups and those into which the children pa** can be represented as follows:-- TABLE 3. Moiety 1.--Ballakninni. Moiety 2.--Kokwa. Children. Children. Jobal a Ulakarininni a Jobal b Ulakarininni b Jobal b Gindar b Jobal a Gindar a Mangaralli a Gindar a Mangaralli b Gindar b Mangaralli b Ulakarininni b Mangaralli a Ulakarininni a {p. 65} Where the Nullakun tribe comes into contact with the Mungarai and others having the eight sub-cla** system, the same plan is adopted to allow the two organisations to work side by side, which has already been described dealing with the Mara tribe. In the following tables the relationship terms are given amongst a typical series of tribes. TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--LARAKIA TRIBE (MAN SPEAKING.) Native Term. Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Nurdung Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mother's sister's husband Uncle Kudung Father's brother's wife Aunt Nurdla Father's father Grandfather Father's father's elder brother Great uncle Ngoak Father's father's younger brother Great uncle Alladik or Almuk Father's father's wife Grandmother Nimerk Father's father's father Great grandfather Kudung Father's father's mother Great grandmother Almerk Father's father's father's sister Great great aunt Nurdla Father's elder brother's son Cousin Ngoak Father's younger brother's son Cousin Kudung Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Allap Mother's mother Grandmother Unya[1] Mother's elder brother Uncle Imurburra Mother's brother's son Cousin Nurdla Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Ngoak Mother's younger sister's son Cousin Nurdla Elder brother Brother Ngoak Younger brother Brother Alladik Elder brother's wife Sister-in-law Younger brother's wife ------ Nimerk Brother's son Nephew Almerk Brother's daughter Niece Kudung Brother's son's wife ------ Ngoak Brother's son's son ------ Alladik Brother's son's son's wife ------ [1. It is the Unya man who says to his nugunyi "you may have my daughter as alladik when she is born." Betrothal often, indeed usually, takes place before birth and the youth, from the betrothal onwards, gives womeras, food, etc., to his prospective father-in-law.] {p. 66} Native Term Actual Relationship to English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Nugunyi Brother's daughter's husband ----- Unmull Elder sister Sister Nguluk Younger sister Sister Ngan Sister's husband Brother-in-law Nugunyi Sister's husband's father ------ Nugunyi Sister's son Nephew Allgunyi Sister's daughter Niece Mitt-mitt Elder sister's son's son ------ All-it-mitt Elder sister's son's daughter ------ Nimerk Son Son. Brother's son Nephew Kudung Son's wife Daughter-in-law Ngoak Son's son Grandson. Alladik Son's son's wife ------ Nimerk Son's son's son Great grandson Almerk Daughter Daughter Nugunyi Daughter's husband Son-in-law Mitt-mitt Daughter's son Grandson All-it-mitt Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Alladik Wife Wife Wife's sister Sister-in-law Unya Wife's father Father-in-law Wife's father's brother, ------ Allap Wife's mother Mother-in-law Wife's mother's sister ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--LARAKIA TRIBE. (WOMAN SPEAKING.) Nurdung Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mother's sister's husband Uncle Brother's wife's father ------ Nurdla Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Ngoak Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Kudung Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Almuk Elder sister Sister Father's elder brother's daughter Cousin Mother's sister's daughter Cousin Aluk Younger sister Sister Father's younger brother's daughter Cousin Mother's younger sister's daughter Cousin Ngei Son Son Sister's son Nephew Son's son's son Great grandson Husband's father ------ Husband's father's brother ------ {p. 67} Native Term Actual Relationship to English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Ngei Husband's brother's son ------ Husband's father's father's father ------ Ngeimurk Son's son Grandson Sister's son's son ------ Ngulei Daughter Daughter Sister's daughter Niece Alling Husband's mother Mother-in-law Husband's mother's sister ------ Husband's father's brother's wife ------ Allo Husband's mother's mother ------ Ngan Husband ------ Husband's brother ------ Husband's father's father ------ Husband's father's brother's son ------ Alladju Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Sister's daughter's daughter ------ All-it-mitt Daughter's daughter's daughter Great granddaughter Sister's daughter's daughter's daughter ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--WORGAIT TRIBE. (MAN SPEAKING.) Boppa Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mother's sister's husband Uncle Kallung Mother Mother Father's brother's wife Aunt Brother's sister Aunt Guga Father's father's mother Great-grandmother Father's father Grandfather Father's father's brother ------ Son's son Grandson Brother's son's son ------ Ngungaran Wife Wife Brother's wife Sister-in-law Mother's brother's daughter Cousin Brother's son's son's wife ------ Son's son's wife ------ Father's father's wife ------ Father's brother's father's father's wife ------ Djemming Father's father's father Great grandfather Kukka Mother's mother's mother Great grandmother Mother's brother Uncle Wife's father Father-in-law Wife's father's brother ------ Ngaiyi Daughter Daughter Brother's daughter Niece Father's father's father's sister ------ Ngambulla Elder brother Brother {p. 68} Native Term Actual Relationship to English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Ngambulla Father's elder brother's son Cousin Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Ngambulluk (or Balluk) Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Mother's younger sister's son Cousin Ngamballuk Elder sister Sister Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Wife's mother's elder brother's son ------ Ngunga Mother's brother's son Cousin Niya Son Son Brother's son Nephew Kallung Brother's son's wife Daughter-in-law Son's wife ------ Balluk Younger sister Sister Wife's mother's younger brother's daughter ------ Sisters husband Brother-in-law Naidjinga Sister's son Nephew Sister's husband's father ------ Daughter's husband Son-in-law Nirung Sister's daughter's daughter ------ Wife's mother's mother's brother ------ Niedjum Son's son Grandson Ngaidjim Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Ngaiwan Wife's mother Mother-in-law Koppa Wife's mother's brother ------ Mukkung Wife's mother's mother ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--WORGAIT TRIBE (WOMAN SPEAKING.) Boppa Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mother's sister's husband Uncle Ngambulla Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Balluk Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Younger sister Sister Mother's younger sister's daughter Niece Kallung Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Mukkun Mother's mother Grandmother Djemming Mother's mother's mother Great grandmother Kakaballuk Mother's brother Uncle Husband's father Father-in-law Husband's father's brother Ngungaran Husband Husband Husband's brother Brother-in-law Mother's brother's son Cousin Sister's husband Brother-in-law {p. 69} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Ngatja Elder sister Sister Mother's elder sister's daughter Cousin Ngadja Son Son Sister's son Nephew Husband's brother's son Nephew Niya Son Son Husband's sister's son Nephew Ngaradja Daughter Daughter Sister's daughter Niece Husband's brother's daughter Niece Ngawerk Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Sister's daughter's daughter ------ Ngadjim Daughter's daughter's daughter Great granddaughter Djemmingballuk Husband's mother's mother ------ Husband's father's father ------ Naninballuk Husband's mother's sister ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--PORT ESSINGTON TRIBE. (MAN SPEAKING.) Purni Father Father Father's brother Uncle Wulko Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Munburtj Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Mother's younger sister's son Cousin Ngawin Son Son Brother's son Nephew Daughter Daughter Brother's daughter Niece Father's father's father's sister ------ Wulko Elder sister Sister Father's elder brother's daughter Cousin Mother's elder sister's daughter Cousin Munburtj Younger sister Sister Father's younger brother's daughter Niece Kamu Mother's younger sister's daughter Niece Mother Mother Father's brother's wife Aunt Mother's sister Aunt Father's father's mother ------ Son's wife Daughter-in-law Wonwu Brother's son's wife ------ Father's father Grandfather Father's father's brother Great uncle {p. 70} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Angban (or Ilkuma)[1] Wife Wife Wife's sister Sister-in-law Mother's brother's daughter Cousin Brother's wife Sister-in-law Father's father's wife ------ Son's son's wife ------ Brother's son's son's wife ------ Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Maia-maia Father's father Grandfather Wiwi Mother's mother Grandmother Son's son's son Great grandson Son's son's daughter Great granddaughter Nandulang Mother's mother's mother Great grandmother Gadja (or Unburran)[2] Mother's brother Uncle Wife's father Father-in-law Wife's father's brother ------ Kanyung Sister's son Nephew Sister's daughter Niece Sister's husband's father ------ Daughter's husband Son-in-law Wife's mother's brother's son ------ Kumbala Mother's brother's son Nephew Wullupullu Wife's father's father ------ Pappam Wife's mother's mother ------ Wife's mother's mother's brother ------ Ngawin Wife's mother Mother-in-law Wife's mother's sister ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--PORT ESSINGTON TRIBE. (WOMAN SPEAKING.) Purni Father Father Father's brother Uncle Wawa Father's father Grandfather Wulko Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Munburtj Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Kamu Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Mother's brother Uncle [1. Angban is the general term for mother's brother's daughters, all of whom are eligible as wives to a man except the daughters of his mother's actual blood brothers. Ilkuma is the name applied to the actual woman or women a man marries. Before marriage he calls them angban. 2. Gadja is the general term for mother's brother or wife's father; unburran is a special term applied to the father of a woman whom a man actually marries.] {p. 71} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Ilkuma Husband Husband Husband's brother Brother-in-law Sister's husband Brother-in-law Ngaiyang Son Son Sister's son Nephew Daughter Daughter Sister's daughter Niece Husband's brother's son Nephew Nanduwiraitpan Husband's father Father-in-law Husband's father's brother ------ Ngawin Husband's mother Mother-in-law Husband's mother's sister ------ Wiwi Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Wullupullu Daughter's daughter's daughter Great grand-daughter TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--MELVILLE ISLAND TRIBE. (MAN SPEAKING.) Narangani Father Father Father's brother Uncle Yayuwinni Brother Brother Father's brother's son Cousin Mother's sister's son Cousin Jauaminni Mother's brother's son Cousin Wife's brother Brother-in-law Mau-win-inni Father's father Grandfather Father's father's brother Great uncle Yangaringa Mother Mother Father's brother's wife Aunt Mother's sister Aunt Son's wife Daughter-in-law Brother's son's wife ------ Father's father's mother Great grandmother Namaninga Mother's mother Granddaughter Illimani (or Yanarinua)[1] Mother's brother Uncle Wife's father Father-in-law Wife's father's brother ------ Yamoaniya Wife[2] Wife Wife's sister Sister-in-law Mother's brother's daughter Cousin Brother's wife Sister-in-law [1. The general term for fathers of women whom a man may marry is illimani. 2. The general term for the women whom it is lawful for a man to marry is yamoaniya. After the woman has actually been handed over to a man the term he applies to her is yabmuneinga.] {p. 72} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Yamoaniya Father's father's wife Great grandmother Son's son's wife ------ Brother's son's son's wife ------ Intamilli Father's father's father Great grandfather Inkalippa[1] Sister Sister Father's brother's daughter Cousin Mother's sister's daughter Cousin Impunga Elder sister Sister Father's elder brother's daughter Cousin Mother's elder sister's daughter Cousin Imbokka Younger sister Sister Father's younger brother's daughter Cousin Mother's younger sister's daughter Cousin Namiranni Son Son Brother's son Nephew Wife's mother's brother ------ Yamurdi Son's son Grandson Ngangyurminni Son's son's son Great grandson Ngauraninga Daughter Daughter Brother's daughter Niece Ngauamurdi Sister's husband's father ------ Sister's son Nephew Daughter's husband Son-in-law Ngauamarinya Sister's daughter Niece Mananya Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Yamparinna Daughter's daughter's daughter Great granddaughter Yunganpuranna Wife's mother Mother in-law Auamma Wife's mother's mother ------ Jaraminni Wife's mother's mother's brother ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--MELVILLE ISLAND TRIBES. (WOMAN SPEAKING.) Narangani Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mother's sister's husband Uncle Brother's wife's father ------ Yayuwinni Brother Brother Father's brother's son Cousin Mother's sister's son Cousin Yangaringa Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Impunga Elder sister Sister Mother's elder sister's daughter Niece [1. This term is applied to sisters in general, but there are also the special terms for elder and younger sisters, etc.] {p. 73} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Imbokka Younger sister Sister Mother's younger sister's daughter Niece Murdi Son Son Sister's son Nephew Husband's brother's son Nephew Imauringa Daughter Daughter Sister's daughter Niece Yabmuneinga Husband Husband Sister's husband Brother-in-law Husband's brother Brother-in-law Husband's father's brother's son ------ Illimanni Husband's father Father-in-law Husband's father's brother ------ Djimiindinga Husband's mother Mother-in-law Husband's mother's sister ------ Husband's father's brother's wife ------ Yanamma Husband's father's father ------ Mauanyinni Husband's father's sister's son ------ Mauannia Husband's father's sister's daughter ------ Namiraninga Father's sister Aunt Brother's daughter Niece Mauanyinni Father's sister's son Cousin Auwumma Father's sister's daughter Cousin Namaninga Mother's mother Grandmother Nauangaringa Mother's mother's mother Great grandmother Yenierninga Brother's wife Sister-in-law Undunganinga Husband's father's sister ------ Kanguri Husband's mother's brother ------ Namiranni Husband's sister's son Nephew TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--DJAUAN TRIBE. (MAN SPEAKING.) Adjat Father Father Father's brother Uncle Karang Father's father's father Great grandfather Mother Mother Father's brother's wife Aunt Mother's sister Aunt Father's father's mother Great grandmother Son's wife Daughter-in-law Brother's son's wife ------ Mora Father's father Grandfather Father's father's brother ------ Son's son Grandson Noa Wife Wife Brother's wife Sister-in-law Son's son's wife ------ Father's father's wife Grandmother Brother's son's son's wife ------ {p. 74} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Kakak Mother's mother Grandmother Kainya Mother's brother Uncle Tjarimungin or Tjamun Mother's brother's son Nephew Mother's brother's daughter Niece Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Baba Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Buruwa Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Mother's younger sister's son Cousin Baba Elder sister Sister Father's elder brother's daughter Niece Mother's elder sister's daughter Niece Buruwa Younger sister Sister Father's younger brother's daughter Niece Mother's younger sister's daughter Niece Kumbarimba Son Son Brother's son Nephew Borbor Daughter Daughter Brother's daughter Niece Father's father's father's sister ------ Paratta Sister's son Nephew Sister's husband's father ------ Daughter's husband Son-in-law Walnagung Wife's father Father-in-law Kainguri Wife's mother Mother-in-law Wife's mother's brother ------ Wife's mother's sister ------ Allauitpo Wife's father's mother ------ Nautjpa Wife's father's father ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--DJAUAN TRIBE. (WOMAN SPEAKING.) Adjat Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mora Father's father Grandfather Baba Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Elder sister Sister Father's elder brother's daughter Cousin Mother's elder sister's daughter Cousin Buruwa Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Mother's younger sister's son Cousin Younger sister Sister Father's younger brother's daughter Cousin {p. 75} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Buruwa Mother's younger sister's daughter Cousin Karang Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Kakak Mother's mother Grandmother Son's son Grandson Tjonwalk Brother's son Nephew Ngagung Son Son Sister's son Nephew Daughter Daughter Sister's daughter Niece Husband's brother's son Nephew Noa[1] Husband Husband Husband's elder brother Brother-in-law Husband's father's elder brother's son ------ Tjamung Husband's younger brother Brother-in-law Husband's father's younger brother's son ------ Kabung Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Walnagung Husband's father Father-in-law Husband's father's brother ------ Kanguri Husband's mother Mother-in-law Husband's mother's sister ------ Mamam Husband's mother's mother ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--MUNGARAI TRIBE. (MAN SPEAKING.) Ngaburda Father Father Father's elder brother Uncle Mother's elder sister's husband Uncle Ngabirandu Father's younger brother Uncle Mother's younger sister's husband Uncle Ngulangnunyi[2] Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Father's father's mother Great grandmother Son's wife Daughter-in-law Ngulamimi Brother's son's wife ------ Mother's elder sister Aunt Mother's mother's mother Great grandmother Ngulabubba Mother's younger sister Aunt Ngalangnanyi Father's father Grandfather Father's father's brother Great uncle Ngulakatukugandu (or {see next page...} Father's father's wife Great grandmother Son's son's wife ------ [1. If a man dies his wife pa**es to a noa, but not to a tjamung. 2. This term is applied indiscriminately to the mother and all her sisters, blood and tribal.] {p. 76} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. {cont. from previous page} ...Ngulakungambula)[1] Brother's son's son's wife ------ Wife Wife Brother's wife Sister-in-law Birandu (or Abiringnvia) Son Son Brother's son Nephew Ngulabirandu Daughter Daughter Brother's daughter Niece Ngulababba Sister Sister Father's brother's daughter Cousin Mother's sister's daughter Cousin Murrimurri Father's father's father Great grandfather Abiringniranu Father's father's father's sister ------ Ngaiana Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Ngaiabba Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Mother's younger sister's son Cousin Ngulagurguk Mother's mother Grandmother Ngagung Mother's brother Uncle Naminjerri Mother's brother's son Cousin Mother's brother's daughter Cousin Murriwanula Son's son Grandson Brother's son's son ------ Ngaidjeya (or Nullamimi) Wife's father Father-in-law ------ Sister's husband Brother-in-law Daughter's husband Son-in-law Ngulaidjeya Sister's daughter Niece Nadjammainua Son's son's son Great grandson Ngulaambuluka Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Ngulamairandu Daughter's daughter's daughter Great granddaughter Ngulakundji Wife's mother Mother-in-law Ngakundji Wife's mother's brother ------ Ngulamarik Wife's mother's brother's daughter ------ Jap-jap Wife's father's father ------ Ngulakukkuk Wife's father's father's wife ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--MUNGARAI TRIBE (WOMAN SPEAKING.) Ngaburda Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mother's sister's husband Uncle Ngulangnunyi Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt [1. The usual term applied by a man to his wife is Ngulakatukukugandu. If he has more than one wife he calls the older one Ngulakatukugandu ngaballa and the younger one Ngulakatukugandu naditja.] {p. 77} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Ngaiana Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Nephew Mother's elder sister's son Nephew Ngaiabba Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Nephew Mother's younger sister's son Nephew Ngulagurguk Mother's mother Grandmother Ngulamimi Mother's mother's mother Great grandmother Ngulababba Sister Sister Mother's sister's daughter Cousin Birandu (or Ngabirandu) Brother's son Nephew Husband's sister's son Nephew Ngulabirandu Brother's daughter Niece Husband's sister's daughter Niece Ngulajeya Sister's daughter Niece Kallunbun Husband Husband Husband's brother Brother-in-law Sister's husband Brother-in-law Husband's father's brother's son ------ Ngaijeya Son Son Husband's brother's son Nephew Sister's son Nephew Husband's father Father-in-law Husband's father's brother ------ Ngulajeya Daughter Daughter Sister's daughter Niece Ngulagundji Husband's mother Mother-in-law Husband's mother's sister ------ Husband's father's brother's wife ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--NULLAKUN TRIBE (MAN SPEAKING.) Morquoll Father Father Father's brother Uncle Mother's sister's husband Uncle Maina Mother Mother Father's brother's wife Aunt Mother's sister Aunt Father's father's mother Great grandmother Son's wife Daughter-in-law Durdu Brother's son's wife ------ Father's father Grandfather Tjugopuiri Father's father's brother Great-uncle Father's father's wife Great-grandmother Father's father's brother's wife Great-aunt Wife Wife Brother's wife Sister-in-law Son's son's wife ------ Brother's son's son's wife ------ {p.78} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Iraningi Father's father's father Great-grandfather Tjukangini Daughter Daughter Father's father's father's sister ------ Boipu Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Nephew Mother's elder sister's son Nephew Gwalin Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Nephew Mother's younger sister's son Nephew Tjukorkor Mother's mother Grandmother Tjuappa Sister Sister Father's brother's daughter Niece Mother's sister's daughter Niece Nukaitka Mother's brother Uncle Djaming Mother's mother's mother Great-grandmother Tjukinda Mother's brother's daughter Cousin Nulkinda Mother's brother's son Cousin Tjokangini Wife's father Father-in-law Sister's husband's father ------ Sister's son Nephew Sister's daughter Niece Daughter's husband Son-in-law Wife's father's brother ------ Nokangini Son Son Brother's son Nephew Murdungini Son's son Grandson Thangimini Son's son's son Great-grandson Tjumurungini Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Bading Daughter's daughter's daughter Great-granddaughter Balaknini Wife's mother ------ Brother's wife's mother ------ Nuanaiya Wife's mother's brother's son ------ Nojamin Wife's father's father ------ Niyappi Wife's father's father's father ------ Morquoll Father Father Father's brother Uncle ------ Mother's sister's husband Uncle Boipu Father's father Grandfather Maina Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Nokaka Brother Brother Father's brother's son Cousin Mother's sister's son Cousin Tjuappa Sister Sister Father's brother's daughter Cousin Mother's sister's daughter Cousin Nokangini Son Son Sister's son Cousin Husband's father Father-in-law Husband's father's brother ------ Husband's brother's son Nephew Tjugokangini Daughter Daughter {p. 79} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Tjugokangini Sister's daughter Niece Nokopungini Husband Husband Husband's brother Brother-in-law Husband's father's brother's son Tjupalukmudji Husband's mother Mother-in-law Husband's mother's sister Kaupungini Husband's sister Sister-in-law TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--KAKADU TRIBE. (MAN SPEAKING.) Papa Father Father Father's brother Uncle Kaga Father's father Grandfather Father's father's brother Great uncle Pulupurlumba Father's father's father Great grandfather Son's son's son Great grandson Mother's mother's mother Great grandmother Mother's mother's mother's sisters ------ Daughter's daughter's daughter Great granddaughter Brother's daughter's daughter ------ Baranga Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Nullaberri Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Ngoornberri Son Son Brother's son Nephew Naburnobunong Son's son Grandson Brother's son's son ------ Koiyu Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Kaka Mother's mother Grandmother Peipi Mother's mother's sisters Great aunts Mother's father Grandfather Makorngo Elder sister Sister Father's elder brother's daughter Cousin Illaberri Younger sister Sister Father's younger brother's daughter Cousin Mapa (or Maba) Elder or younger sister's daughter Niece Elder or younger sister's son Nephew Wife's brother's daughter ------ Wife's brother's son ------ Ngungornberri Daughter Daughter Mapeinga Brother's daughter Niece Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Brother's daughter's daughter ------ Ngunkomukali Wife Wife Wife's younger sister Sister-in-law {p. 80} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Keerli Wife's father Father-in-law Wife's father's brother ------ Wife's father's sister ------ Yinbaiinmunga Wife's father's father ------ Padierli Wife's father's father's father ------ Admairinginji Wife's elder sister Sister-in-law Jaidja Mother's brother, elder and younger Uncle Kopeinga Mother's elder and younger brother's son Cousin Mother's elder and younger brother's daughter Cousin Komapa Wife's mother Mother-in-law Parieli Daughter's husband Son-in-law Muraguji Wife's brother Brother-in-law Ngeila, or Ngaila Father's sister Aunt Mother's brother's wife Aunt TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--KAKADU TRIBE (WOMAN SPEAKING.) Papa Father Father Father's brother, elder and younger Uncle Kaka Father's father Grandfather Mother's mother Grandmother Meimaiimba Father's father's father Great grandfather Son's son's son Great grandson Baranga Elder brother Brother Father's elder brother's son Cousin Mother's elder sister's son Cousin Nullaberri Younger brother Brother Father's younger brother's son Cousin Mother's younger sister's son Cousin Mapa Daughter Daughter Sister's son Nephew Son Son Sister's daughter Niece Husband's brother's son Nephew Husband's brother's daughter Niece Manga Son's son Grandson Son's daughter Granddaughter Father's mother Grandmother Father's mother's sister Great aunt Father's mother's brother Great uncle Pulupurlumba Mother's mother's mother Great granddaughter Daughter's daughter's daughter Great granddaughter Koiyu Mother Mother Mother's sister, elder and younger Aunt Kumambilna Daughter's daughter Granddaughter {p. 81} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Makorngo Elder sister Sister Father's elder brother's daughter Cousin Mother's elder sister's daughter Cousin Illaberri Younger sister Sister Father's younger brother's daughter Cousin Mother's younger sister's daughter Cousin Ngeila Father's sister Aunt Kopeinga Father's sister's son Cousin Father's sister's daughter Cousin Mother's brother's son Cousin Mother's brother's daughter Cousin Jadja Mother's brother, elder and younger Uncle Ngomberri Brother's son Nephew Yingomberri Brother's daughter Niece Ngomukali Husband Husband Husband's brother Brother-in-law Kobiorkera Husband's father Father-in-law Husband's father's brother ------ Husband's mother Mother-in-law Husband's mother's brother ------ Husband's mother's sister ------ Oorobiorkero Son's wife Daughter-in-law Proomapa Daughter's husband Son-in-law Yingbaiingmunga Husband's father's father ------ Yingpingmunga Husband's father's father's wife ------ TABLE OF RELATIONSHIP TERMS.--WADUMAN TRIBE. (MAN SPEAKING.) Kadugo Father Father Father's brother, elder and younger Uncle Baba Father's father Grandfather Kagogo Father's father's brother Great uncle Father's father's father Great grandfather Mother's mother Grandmother Wife's mother's brother's daughter ------ Wife's mother's brother's son ------ Igeiyu Son's son's wife ------ Son Son Brother's son Nephew Daughter Daughter Kaleja Brother's daughter Niece Brother, elder and younger Brother Igariu Father's brother's son Cousin Ingarinun Son's son Grandson Son's son's son Great Grandson {p. 82} Native Term Actual Relationship in English Terms English Terms included wholly or partly in the Native Term. Kadeding Mother Mother Mother's sister Aunt Kaniomo Mother's brother, elder and younger Uncle Daughter's husband Son-in-law Kagung Father's brother's daughter Cousin Nabubu Father's father's mother Great grandmother Pukali Father's brother's son Cousin Father's brother's daughter Cousin Inamman Sister, elder and younger Sister Brother's son's daughter ------ Mother's sister's daughter Niece Wife's father's father ------ Wife's father's son ------ Wife's father's brother's son ------ Ingauia Wife Wife Elder or younger brother's wife Sister-in-law Brother's son's son's wife ------ Ingaua Wife's father Father-in-law Wife's father's brother ------ Gnauula Son's wife Daughter-in-law Brother's son's wife ------ Dado Sister's husband Brother-in-law Wife's brother Brother-in-law ------ Tjuga Sister's son Nephew Sister's husband's father ------ Sister's daughter Niece Indukal Wife's mother Mother-in-law Wife's mother's sister ------ Sister's son's wife ------ Ijamin Wife's mother's mother ------ Wife's mother's mother's brother ------ Sister's son's son ------ Sister's son's daughter ------ Sister's daughter's son ------ Sister's daughter's daughter ------ Daughter's son Grandson Daughter's daughter's son Great grandson Uuni Son's son's son Great grandson Imbunni Son's son's daughter Great granddaughter Igaringun Daughter's daughter Granddaughter Nababin Daughter's daughter's daughter Great granddaughter Inallari Daughter's daughter's husband ------ Ilumba Wife's mother's brother ------ {p. 83} STATUS TERMS. In every tribe there are certain status terms which are applied to different individuals at different times of their lives. They are as follows (1) Kakadu tribe. Male. Female. 1. Baby: Bialilla. Baby: Bialilla. 2. Young boy: Mulakirri. Young girl: Yingulakirri.[1] 3. Boy, before initiation: Ningeri. Girl, before marriage: Kupari medjauer. 4. Young man, after initiation: Numulakirri. Young married girl: Jereiwin. 5. Middle-aged man: Ulanja. Middle-aged woman: No special name. She is spoken of as jirongadda Murora, that is close up to, or getting on to, Murora. 6. Old man: Murabulba. Old woman: Murora. There is also a special term, Lekerungen, applied to old men who have seen the Muraian Ceremony. This is evidently the equivalent of the term Uliara, which is applied, in the Arunta tribe, to those who have pa**ed through the Engwura, the final initiation ceremony which admits the relatively younger men to the ranks of the old Men. [1. This same term is applied to the menstrual flow, but the natives said that it is applied also to girls.] {p. 84} (2) Melville Island tribe. Male. Female. 1. Baby: Kurrijinni, or (Uru)kurrijinni. Baby: Kurrijinni. 2. Young boy: Mallakuninga. Young girl: Allinga 3. Young boy during his first initiation ceremony: Marrukumana Young girl during first time of pa**ing through initiation ceremony: Mikijeruma 4. Youth during and after initiation, while pa**ing through for the second time: Watjinyerti. Girl during second time of pa**ing through initiation ceremony: Mikingyertinga. 5. Young man while pa**ing through the ceremony for the third time: Mikinyerti. Young married woman: Murrakuburra. 6. Man with children: Mikangula. Woman with children Awirriawi. 7. Old man: Irula. Old woman: Perrimaringa or Purrumarina. 8. Very old man Gurimurdi. Very old woman Perrimaringa intula, or Purrumarina intula. Some of these terms are very much in evidence during the initiation ceremonies, in fact it was only by witnessing these that I discovered the status terms for girls, equivalent to those for boys. The terms Marrukumana and Mikinyerti for boys and those of Mikijeruma and Mikingyertinga for girls, seem to be used only during the actual performance of the ceremony in connection with which they are applied. {p. 85} (3) Waduman tribe. Male Female 1. Baby: Pudadu Baby: Kadjiri. 2. Young boy: Wallung. Young girl: Marinian. 3. Boy after circumcision Yabba. Girl at puberty: Wadil. 4. Youth after subincision Malu 5. Man with children: Ibuan Woman with children: Malibi. 6. Old man: Maluka. Old woman: Muluru (4) Mudburra tribe. Male. Female. 1. Baby: Wunyukoro Baby: Kadjiri 2. Young boy Didja, or Karu Young girl: Malluguni 3. Boy after circumcision: Wanauru Girl at puberty: Wadil 4. Youth after subincision: Gnaga 5. Man with children: Logo Woman with children: Malibi 6. Old man: Maluka Old woman: Muluru (5) Port Essington tribe. Male. Female. 1. Baby: Aritjumarin Baby: Warraungi 2. Boy, Gnauunduitj Girl: Bridbilyaju 3. Initiated youth: Naialpur Married woman: Amadi 4. Young man married: Wokung-jarri Older woman: Alkia 5. Older man with children Wokung-jarri Old woman: Balquarakkan 6. Old man: Balquarakkan Very old woman: Uluuk-ulu {p. 86} (6) Larakia tribe. Male. Female. 1. Baby and boy: Nim Baby and young girl: Bendla 2. Initiated youth: Belier Girl: Manego 3. Man with children: Mullinyu Woman with children: Minumbunni 4. Old man: Lariba Old woman: Kunura (7) Worgait tribe. Male. Female. 1. Little boy: Bambeit Young girl: Midulung 2. Older boy: Yerda Older girl: Bidjuokeit 3. Initiated youth and young man: Kundein ------ 4. Man with children: Barquett Woman with children: Bonbeitkalung 5. Old man: Namyuk Old woman: Ngabarale (8) Djauan tribe. Male. Female. 1. Little boy: Djoei Young girl: Warri 2. Older boy: Kommduit Older girl: Almeri 3. Initiated youth: Lagaian ------ 4. Young man married: Mungui Married woman: Almuga 5. Man with children: Mungui Woman with children: Almuga 6. Old man: Bambula Old woman: Aljerbo {p. 87} (9) Nullakun tribe. Male. Female. 1. Little boy: Ngurda Young girl: Mirparra 2. Older boy: Ngurda Older girl: Gurdi 3. Initiated youth: Bandari ------ 4. Young married man: Gewa Married woman: Tjandalei 5. Man with children: Gewa ------ 6. Old man: Noboila Old woman: Tjuboila (10) Mungarai tribe. Male Female. 1. Little boy: Wangi Young girl: Ngalaurangi 2. Older boy: Balauminua Older girl: Ngalamarik 3. Initiated youth: Wandella ------ 4. Young man married: Nadiriga Married woman: Ngalan*lima 5. Man with children: Nadiriga Woman with children: Ngalauiran 6. Old man: Ngabukbuk Old woman: Ngabukbuk